Jump to content

Same-sex marriage in Canada

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Same-sex marriage was progressively introduced in several provinces and territories of Canada by court decisions beginning in 2003 before being legally recognized nationwide with the enactment of the Civil Marriage Act on July 20, 2005. On June 10, 2003, the Court of Appeal for Ontario issued a decision immediately legalizing same-sex marriage in Ontario, thereby becoming the first province where it was legal. The introduction of a federal gender-neutral marriage definition made Canada the fourth country in the world, and the first country outside Europe, to legally recognize same-sex marriage throughout its borders. Before the federal recognition of same-sex marriage, court decisions had already introduced it in eight out of ten provinces and one of three territories, whose residents collectively made up about 90 percent of Canada's population. More than 3,000 same-sex couples had already married in those areas before the Civil Marriage Act was passed.[1] In 2023, polling by Pew Research suggested that more than three-quarters of Canadian residents supported the legal recognition of same-sex marriage.[2] Most legal benefits commonly associated with marriage had been extended to cohabiting same-sex couples since 1999.

The Civil Marriage Act was introduced by Prime Minister Paul Martin's Liberal minority government to the House of Commons of Canada on February 1, 2005, as Bill C-38. It was passed by the House of Commons on June 28, 2005, and by the Senate on July 19, 2005, it received royal assent the following day. Following the 2006 election, which was won by a Conservative minority government under Prime Minister Stephen Harper, the House of Commons defeated a motion to reopen the matter by a vote of 175 to 123 on December 7, 2006, effectively reaffirming the legislation. This was the third vote supporting same-sex marriage taken by three parliaments under three prime ministers.

Same-sex marriage by province/territory

[edit]

Same-sex marriage was legally recognized in the provinces and territories as of the following dates:

In some of these cases, some marriages were in fact legal at an earlier date (for example, an Ontario ruling held that marriages performed in January 2001 were legal when performed), but the legality was questioned. As of the given dates, the legality was authoritatively established. The decision of the Government of Ontario to recognize two marriages that took place in Toronto on January 14, 2001, retroactively made Canada the first country in the world to have a government-legitimized same-sex marriage (the Netherlands and Belgium, which legalized same-sex marriage before Canada, had their first in April 2001 and June 2003, respectively).[3]

Overview

[edit]
Provinces and territories with same-sex marriage before its nationwide legalization on July 20, 2005.
  Permitted
  Did not permit

Same-sex marriage was originally recognized by law as a result of cases in which courts in eight out of the ten Canadian provinces, and in one of its three territories, ruled existing bans on same-sex marriage unconstitutional. Thereafter, many same-sex couples obtained marriage licences in those provinces; like opposite-sex couples, they did not need to be residents of any of those provinces to marry there.

The legal status of same-sex marriages in these jurisdictions created an unusual jurisdictional issue. According to the Constitution of Canada, the definition of marriage is the exclusive responsibility of the federal government; this interpretation was upheld by a December 9, 2004, opinion of the Supreme Court of Canada (Reference Re Same-Sex Marriage). Until July 20, 2005, the federal government had not yet passed a law redefining marriage to conform to recent court decisions. Until the passage of the Civil Marriage Act, the previous definition of marriage remained binding in the four jurisdictions (two provinces and two territories) where courts had not yet ruled it unconstitutional, but void in the nine jurisdictions (eight provinces and one territory) where it had been successfully challenged before the courts. Before the enactment of federal legislation recognizing same-sex marriage, therefore, the application of federal marriage law differed depending on the province or territory.

Given the Supreme Court ruling, the role of precedent in Canadian law, and the overall legal climate, it was very likely that any challenges to legalize same-sex marriage in the remaining four jurisdictions would be successful as well. Federal lawyers had ceased to contest such cases,[4] and only Alberta's Conservative provincial government remained officially opposed.[5] Premier Ralph Klein threatened to invoke the notwithstanding clause of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms to avoid having to comply with the ruling.[6] Many commentators opined that a province likely could not use the notwithstanding clause to avoid recognizing same-sex marriage because the federal government had jurisdiction over marriage.[7][8][9][10] Alberta Attorney General Ron Stevens agreed with that conclusion, stating: "Since the court ruled the authority over same-sex marriage falls to the federal government, it is only the federal government who can invoke the notwithstanding clause to maintain the traditional definition of marriage."[11]

On June 17, 2003, Prime Minister Jean Chrétien announced that the government would present a bill to grant same-sex couples equal rights to marry.[12][13] A draft of what would become Bill C-38 was released on July 17, 2003, by Justice Minister Martin Cauchon. Before introducing it to Parliament, the Cabinet submitted the bill as a reference to the Supreme Court (Reference Re Same-Sex Marriage), asking the court to rule on whether limiting marriage to heterosexual couples was consistent with the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and if same-sex civil unions were an acceptable alternative.[14][15] On December 9, 2004, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that the marriage of same-sex couples is constitutional, that the federal government has the sole authority to amend the definition of marriage, and the Charter's protection of freedom of religion grants religious institutions the right to refuse to perform marriage ceremonies for same-sex couples.[16][17]

Following the Supreme Court's decision, Justice Minister Irwin Cotler introduced Bill C-38 on February 1, 2005, to legalize marriage between persons of the same sex across Canada. The government of Prime Minister Paul Martin supported the bill but allowed a free vote by its backbench MPs in the House of Commons. Defeat of the bill in Parliament would have continued the status quo and probably incremental legalization, jurisdiction by jurisdiction, via court challenges. This trend could have been reversed only through Parliament passing a new law that explicitly restricted marriage to opposite-sex couples notwithstanding the protection of equality rights afforded by the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms or by amending the Canadian Constitution by inserting the clause "marriage is defined as being between a man and a woman", as was recommended by several conservative religious groups and politicians.[18] Given the composition of the House of Commons at the time, such a measure would have been very unlikely to pass. Premier Klein proposed putting the question to the public at large via a national referendum,[19] but his suggestion was rejected by all four party leaders.[20]

History

[edit]

Court rulings

[edit]

Background

[edit]

In 1999, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled in M v H that same-sex couples in Canada were entitled to receive many of the financial and legal benefits commonly associated with marriage. However, this decision stopped short of giving them the right to full legal marriage. Most laws which affect couples are within provincial rather than federal jurisdiction. As a result, rights varied somewhat from province to province.

On January 14, 2001, Reverend Brent Hawkes forced the issue by performing two same-sex marriages, taking advantage of the fact that Ontario law authorizes him to perform marriages without a previous license, via the issuance of banns of marriage. The registrar refused to accept the records of marriage, and a lawsuit was commenced over whether the marriages were legally performed. In other provinces, lawsuits were launched seeking permission to marry.

In 2002 and 2003, decisions in the superior trial courts of Ontario and Quebec, Halpern v Canada (AG) and Hendricks and Leboeuf v. Quebec, held that the restriction of marriage to opposite-sex couples was discriminatory and contrary to the equality clause of the Canadian Charter of Rights of Freedoms, while the Supreme Court of British Columbia ruled oppositely. On May 1, 2003, the British Columbia Court of Appeal reversed the superior court decision. The courts in each case suspended the effect of the declarations of invalidity for two years, to allow the federal government to consider legislative responses to the rulings. However, on June 10, 2003, the Court of Appeal for Ontario ruled on an appeal in the Halpern case. The court agreed with the lower court that the heterosexual definition of marriage was discriminatory and that same-sex marriage was legally permitted. However, unlike the previous three court decisions, the Court of Appeal did not suspend its decision to allow Parliament to consider the issue. Instead, it ruled that the 2001 marriages were legal and same-sex marriage was available throughout Ontario immediately.[21] The federal government had appealed the trial decisions to the provincial courts of appeal, but following the decision on the Ontario Court of Appeal, Prime Minister Chrétien announced on June 17, 2003, that the federal government would not seek to appeal the decisions to the Supreme Court. Instead, it would propose a draft Civil Marriage Act and refer it to the Supreme Court for an advisory opinion.

Ontario decision

[edit]
2003 wedding of Mathieu Chantelois and Marcelo Gomez in Toronto

In 2003, the couples in Halpern v. Canada appealed the decision, requesting that the decision take effect immediately instead of after a delay. On June 10, 2003, the Court of Appeal for Ontario confirmed that current Canadian law on marriage violated the equality provisions in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms in being restricted to heterosexual couples. The court did not allow the province any grace time to bring its laws in line with the ruling, making Ontario the first jurisdiction in North America to recognize same-sex marriage.[21][22] The city of Toronto announced that the city clerk would begin issuing marriage licences to same-sex couples. The first same-sex couple to marry, just hours after the Court of Appeal decision, were Michael Leshner and Michael Stark, long-time advocates for marriage equality for same-sex couples who had been litigants and intervenors in various court cases addressing the issue, including the Court of Appeal decision.[23][24][25] The next day, Attorney General Norm Sterling announced that his government would comply with the ruling.[26] The court also ruled that Kevin Bourassa and Joe Varnell, and Elaine and Anne Vautour, two same-sex couples who were married on January 14, 2001, at a wedding ceremony in the Metropolitan Community Church of Toronto following an ancient common-law procedure called the reading of the banns, would be considered legally married.[21]

On September 13, 2004, the Ontario Court of Appeal declared the Divorce Act also unconstitutional for excluding same-sex marriages. It ordered same-sex marriages read into that act, permitting the plaintiffs, a lesbian couple, to divorce.[27][28]

British Columbia decision

[edit]

A ruling, quite similar to the Ontario ruling, was issued by the British Columbia Court of Appeal on July 8, 2003. Another decision in British Columbia in May of that year had required the federal government to change the law to permit same-sex marriages, Barbeau v. British Columbia. The July ruling stated that "any further delay... will result in an unequal application of the law between Ontario and British Columbia".[29] A few hours after the announcement, Antony Porcino and Tom Graff became the first two men to be legally wed in British Columbia.[30][31]

Quebec decision

[edit]
Michael Hendricks and René Leboeuf, the first same-sex couple to legally marry in Quebec

On March 19, 2004, the Quebec Court of Appeal ruled similarly to the Ontario and British Columbia courts, upholding Hendricks and Leboeuf v. Quebec and ordering that it take effect immediately.[32] The couple who brought the suit, Michael Hendricks and René Leboeuf, immediately sought a marriage licence; the usual 20-day waiting period was waived, and they were wed on April 1 at the Palais de justice in Montreal.[33][34]

Given the populations of Ontario, British Columbia and Quebec, more than two-thirds of Canada's population lived in provinces where same-sex marriage had been legalized after the Quebec decision.

Yukon decision

[edit]

On July 14, 2004, in Dunbar & Edge v. Yukon (Government of) & Canada (A.G.), the Supreme Court of Yukon issued another similar ruling with immediate effect.[35] Rather than reproducing the Charter equality arguments used by the other courts, the court ruled that since the provincial courts of appeal had ruled that the heterosexual definition of marriage was unconstitutional, it was unconstitutional across Canada. The position was strengthened by the Attorney General's refusal to appeal those rulings. It further ruled that to continue to restrict marriages in Yukon to opposite-sex couples would result in an unacceptable state of a provision's being in force in one jurisdiction and not another.

On August 16, 2004, Justice Minister Irwin Cotler indicated that the federal government would no longer oppose court cases to implement same-sex marriage in the provinces and territories.[36]

Manitoba decision

[edit]

On September 16, 2004, Justice Douglas Yard of the Manitoba Court of Queen's Bench declared the then-current definition of marriage unconstitutional. The judge said that his decision had been influenced by the previous decisions in British Columbia, Ontario and Quebec.[37] This decision followed suits brought by three couples in Manitoba requesting that they be issued marriage licences. Both the provincial and federal governments had made it known that they would not oppose the court bid. One of the couples, Chris Vogel and Richard North, had legally sought the right to marry in a high-profile case in 1974, but had been denied.[38]

Nova Scotia decision

[edit]

In August 2004, three couples in Nova Scotia brought suit in Boutilier et al. v. Canada (A.G) and Nova Scotia (A.G) against the provincial government requesting that it issue marriage licences to same-sex couples. On September 24, 2004, Justice Heather Robertson of the Nova Scotia Supreme Court ruled the then-current law unconstitutional. Neither the federal nor the provincial governments opposed the ruling.[4]

Saskatchewan decision

[edit]

Five couples brought suit in Saskatchewan for the recognition of their marriage in a case that was heard by the Saskatchewan Court of Queen's Bench in chambers on November 3, 2004.[39] On November 5, 2004, the judge ruled that excluding same-sex couples from marriage violated the Charter's right to equality and that the common-law definition was discriminatory, thereby bringing same-sex marriage to Saskatchewan.[39][40]

Newfoundland and Labrador decision

[edit]

Two lesbian couples brought suit on November 4, 2004, to have Newfoundland and Labrador recognize same-sex marriage. As with the previous decisions, the provincial government did not oppose the suit; moreover, the federal government actually supported it. The case went to trial on December 20 and the next day, Justice Derek Green ordered the provincial government to begin issuing marriage licences to same-sex couples, an order with which the provincial government announced it would comply.[41][42][43]

New Brunswick decision

[edit]

Two same-sex couples in New Brunswick brought suit in April 2005 to request an order requiring the provincial government to issue them marriage licences. This was granted in June 2005. Premier Bernard Lord, who personally opposed same-sex marriage, pledged to follow a directive to provide for same-sex marriages from the courts or from Parliament.[44][45]

Proceedings in the Northwest Territories

[edit]

On May 20, 2005, a gay male couple with a daughter brought suit in the Northwest Territories for the right to marry. Territorial Justice Minister Charles Dent had previously said that the government would not contest such a lawsuit. The case was to be heard on May 27 but ended when the federal government legalized same-sex marriage.

Discussion in Parliament, 1995–2003

[edit]

The shift in Canadian attitudes towards acceptance of same-sex marriage and recent court rulings caused the Parliament of Canada to reverse its position on the issue. On September 18, 1995, the House of Commons voted 124 to 52 to reject a motion introduced by openly gay member of Parliament Réal Ménard calling for the legal recognition of same-sex relationships.[46][47] A 2006 study by Mark W. Lehman suggested that between 1997 and 2004, Canadian public opinion on legalizing same-sex marriage underwent a dramatic shift, moving from minority support to majority support and that this support was the result of a significant shift in positive feelings towards gays and lesbians.[48]

The first bill to legalize same-sex marriage was a private member's bill tabled in the House of Commons by New Democratic MP Svend Robinson on March 25, 1998. Like most private members' bills, it did not progress past first reading, and was reintroduced in several subsequent parliaments.[49] In 1999, the House of Commons overwhelmingly passed a resolution to re-affirm the definition of marriage as "the union of one man and one woman to the exclusion of all others".[50] The following year, this definition of marriage was included in the revised Bill C-23, the Modernization of Benefits and Obligations Act 2000 (French: Loi sur la modernisation de certains régimes d'avantages et d'obligations), which continued to bar same-sex couples from full marriage rights.[51] In early 2003, the issue once again resurfaced, and the House of Commons Standing Committee on Justice and Human Rights proceeded to undertake a formal study of same-sex marriage, including a cross-country series of public hearings. Just after the Ontario court decision, it voted to recommend that the federal government not appeal the ruling.[52]

Civil status is of provincial jurisdiction in Canada. However, the definition of marriage is a matter of federal jurisdiction. On June 17, 2003, Prime Minister Chrétien announced that the government would not appeal the Ontario ruling, and that his government would introduce legislation to recognize same-sex marriage but protect the rights of religious groups to decide which marriages they would solemnize.

A draft of the bill was issued on July 17. It read:

  1. Marriage, for civil purposes, is the lawful union of two persons to the exclusion of all others.
  2. Nothing in this Act affects the freedom of officials of religious groups to refuse to perform marriages that are not in accordance with their religious beliefs.

The draft bill was subsequently referred to the Supreme Court of Canada.

On September 16, 2003, a motion was brought to Parliament by the Canadian Alliance (now the Conservative Party) to once again reaffirm the heterosexual definition of marriage. The same language that had been passed in 1999 was brought to a conscience vote, with members asked to vote for or against the 1999 definition of marriage as "the union of one man and one woman to the exclusion of all others".[53] Motions are not legislatively binding in Canada, and are mostly done for symbolic purposes. The September vote was extremely divisive, however. Prime Minister Chrétien reversed his previous stance and voted against the motion, as did Paul Martin (who later became prime minister) and many other prominent Liberals. Several Liberals retained their original stance, however, and thus the vote was not defined purely along party lines. Controversially, over 30 members of the House did not attend the vote, the majority of whom were Liberals who had voted against legalizing same-sex marriage in 1999. In the end, the motion was narrowly rejected by a vote of 137–132.[54]

Supreme Court Reference Re Same-Sex Marriage

[edit]

In 2003, the Liberal government referred a draft bill on same-sex marriage to the Supreme Court of Canada, essentially asking it to review the bill's constitutionality before it was introduced. The reference, as originally posed by the Chrétien government, asked three questions:

  1. Is the annexed Proposal for an Act respecting certain aspects of legal capacity for marriage for civil purposes within the exclusive legislative authority of the Parliament of Canada? If not, in what particular or particulars, and to what extent?
  2. If the answer to question 1 is yes, is section 1 of the proposal, which extends capacity to marry to persons of the same sex, consistent with the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms? If not, in what particular or particulars, and to what extent?
  3. Does the freedom of religion guaranteed by paragraph 2(a) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms protect religious officials from being compelled to perform a marriage between two persons of the same sex that is contrary to their religious beliefs?

The government of Prime Minister Martin later added a fourth question in January 2004:[55]

  1. Is the opposite-sex requirement for marriage for civil purposes, as established by the common law and set out for Quebec in s. 5 of the Federal Law-Civil Law Harmonization Act, No. 1, consistent with the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms? If not, in what particular or particulars and to what extent?

The addition of a fourth question considerably delayed the opening of the court reference until well after the June 2004 general election, raising accusations of stalling.[56] In its hearings that began in October 2004, the Supreme Court of Canada accused the government of using the court for other goals when it declined to appeal rulings that altered the definition of marriage in several provinces; "Justice Ian Binnie said it 'may not fulfill any useful purpose' to examine traditional marriage all over again, 'given the policy decision of the government'".[57] The Supreme Court of Canada ruled that the government has the authority to amend the definition of marriage but did not rule on whether or not such a change is required by the equality provisions of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The court stated that such a ruling is not necessary because the federal government had accepted the rulings of provincial courts to the effect that the change was required. The court also ruled that given the freedom of religion provisions in the Charter, and the wording of provincial human rights codes, it was highly unlikely that religious institutions could be compelled to perform same-sex marriages, though because solemnization of marriage is a matter for provincial governments, the proposed bill could not actually guarantee such protections.[58]

Debate prior to C-38's introduction

[edit]

On December 9, 2004, Prime Minister Martin indicated that the federal government would introduce legislation expanding marriage to same-sex couples. The government's decision was announced immediately following the court's answer in the Reference Re Same-Sex Marriage reference question.[59] The parliamentary bill caused rifts in the House of Commons, especially among the governing Liberals. Many Liberal MPs indicated that they would oppose the government's position in favour of same-sex marriage at a free vote. The majority of each of the Liberal Party, the New Democratic Party and the Bloc Québécois voted in favour of the bill; the majority of the Conservative Party voted against the bill.[60][61]

In 2000, Alberta had amended its Marriage Act to define marriage as being between "a man and a woman".[62] The law included a notwithstanding clause in an attempt to protect the amendment from being invalidated under the Charter. However, the amendment was invalid since, under the Canadian Constitution, the definition of marriage is a federal right.

Complicating matters, Conservative Party leader Stephen Harper indicated that a Conservative government would work to restore the prohibition on same-sex marriage if Parliament voted to do so in a free vote.[63] Following the court decision on December 9, Premier Ralph Klein of Alberta suggested that a national referendum be held on same-sex marriage, a measure Prime Minister Martin rejected.[64]

Legislative progress of the Civil Marriage Act

[edit]

Bill C-38, the Civil Marriage Act (French: Loi sur le mariage civil), was introduced to Parliament for its first reading in the House of Commons on February 1, 2005.[65][66][67] Prime Minister Martin launched the debate on February 16. The bill passed second reading on May 4 and third reading on June 28, with votes of 164–137 and 158–133, respectively.[68][69][70] It then moved to the Senate, and received its first reading on June 29. Debate was launched on July 4, and a Liberal closure motion limited debate on the bill to only four hours. Second reading and committing the bill occurred on July 6, with a vote of 43–12. The Senate passed the legislation on third reading by a margin of 47 to 21 on July 19, 2005.[71][72][73] It received royal assent at the hand of Beverley McLachlin (in her capacity as the Deputy of the Governor General of Canada) on July 20, 2005.[74]

June 28, 2005 (third reading) vote in the House of Commons of Canada[75]
Party Voted for Voted against Abstained
  Liberal Party (LPC/PLC)
  Conservative Party (CPC/PCC) -
  Bloc Québécois (BQ)
  New Democratic Party (NDP/NPD) -
  Independent - -
Total 158 133 4
July 19, 2005 (third reading) vote in the Senate of Canada[76]
Party Voted for Voted against Abstained
  Liberal Party (LPC/PLC)
  Conservative Party (CPC/PCC)
  Progressive Conservative Party (PC) - -
  Independent New Democratic Party (NDP/NPD) - -
  Independent -
Total 47 21 3

Same-sex marriage in the 39th Parliament

[edit]

The Conservative Party, led by Harper, won a minority government in the federal election on January 23, 2006. Harper had campaigned on the promise of holding a conscience vote on a motion to re-open the debate on same-sex marriage.[63] The motion would re-open the same-sex marriage debate, but did not prescribe restoring the opposite-sex definition of marriage. A news report from CTV News on May 31, 2006, showed that a growing number of Conservatives were wary about re-opening the debate on same-sex marriage. One cabinet minister stated he just wanted the issue "to go away", while others including Chuck Strahl and Bill Casey were undecided, instead of directly opposed.[77] Foreign Affairs Minister Peter MacKay noted that not a single constituent had approached him on the issue, and Minister for Fisheries and Oceans Loyola Hearn was against re-opening the debate.[77]

By November 2006, the debate had shifted and it was the supporters of same-sex marriage that were arguing for a fall vote on the issue and the opponents who were lobbying for a delay.[78][79] On December 6, 2006, the government brought in a motion asking if the issue of same-sex marriage debate should be re-opened. This motion was defeated the next day in a vote of 175 (nays) to 123 (yeas).[80][81][82] Prime Minister Harper afterwards told reporters, "I don't see reopening this question in the future."[83][84][85]

[edit]

In Hincks v. Gallardo, the Ontario Superior Court of Justice decided on January 7, 2013, that same-sex partners who entered into civil partnerships in the United Kingdom are to be treated as married for the purposes of Canadian law.[86]

Marriage statistics

[edit]

From June 2003 (date of the first same-sex marriages in Ontario) to October 2006, 12,438 same-sex marriages were contracted in Canada.[87]

Province Date of legalization Number of same-sex marriages
Ontario June 10, 2003 6,524
British Columbia July 8, 2003 3,927
Quebec March 19, 2004 947
Alberta July 20, 2005 409
Nova Scotia September 24, 2004 273
Manitoba September 16, 2004 193
Saskatchewan November 5, 2004 83
New Brunswick June 23, 2005 44
Newfoundland and Labrador December 21, 2004 14
Yukon July 14, 2004 13
Prince Edward Island July 20, 2005 8
Northwest Territories July 20, 2005 2
Nunavut July 20, 2005 1

By 2011, 21,015 same-sex marriages had been performed in Canada,[88] with an additional 43,560 cohabiting same-sex couples. According to the 2016 census, there were 72,880 same-sex couples residing in Canada, of which 24,370 (33.4 per cent) were married.[89] In British Columbia, 38.5 per cent of all same-sex couples were married, compared to 38.2 per cent in Ontario and 22.5 per cent in Quebec. 10,020 children were living in same-sex families.[90]

Other same-sex partner benefits in Canada

[edit]

Other kinds of partnership

[edit]

Canadian cohabiting same-sex couples are entitled to many of the same legal and financial benefits as married opposite-sex couples. In 1999, after the court case of M v H, the Supreme Court of Canada declared that same-sex partners must also be extended the rights and benefits of common-law relationships.

The province of Quebec also offers civil unions to same-sex couples. Nova Scotia's domestic partnerships offer similar benefits. Legislative changes between 2001 and 2004 extended the benefits of common-law relationships in Manitoba to same-sex couples as well as those of different sex. In 2003, Alberta passed a law recognizing adult interdependent relationships. These relationships provide specific financial benefits to interdependent adults, including blood relations.[91]

Recognition in other provinces and territories

[edit]

The legal status of same-sex marriages in provinces and territories that did not perform them was uncertain prior to the passage of the Civil Marriage Act. One of the couples that brought suit in Nova Scotia acted so that their Ontario marriage would be recognized.

Premier Ralph Klein wanted to prevent same-sex marriages from being performed or recognized in Alberta, but eventually admitted that the province's chances of doing so were slim to none, and said Alberta would obey the legislation.[92] By contrast, the other remaining province without same-sex marriage, Prince Edward Island, announced that it would voluntarily bring its laws into compliance with the federal legislation.

In October 2003, Premier Paul Okalik announced that Nunavut would recognize same-sex marriages performed in other provinces and territories.

Immigration

[edit]

Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC) acknowledges same-sex marriages contracted in Canada between immigration applicants and Canadian citizens or permanent residents. Canadians may also sponsor their same-sex common-law or civil union partners for family-class immigration, provided they meet various requirements, including proof of legitimacy and cohabitation for at least one year.

After the enactment of the Civil Marriage Act, IRCC adopted an interim immigration policy which did not recognize same-sex marriages conducted outside of Canada. For example, a Canadian citizen, legally married in the Netherlands to his or her same-sex Dutch partner, could not sponsor his or her Dutch partner for immigration as a spouse, despite the fact that both Dutch law and Canadian law made no distinction between opposite-sex and same-sex civil marriages, and despite the fact that IRCC did recognize a Dutch opposite-sex marriage.

On December 12, 2006, New Democratic Party MP Bill Siksay introduced a motion in the House of Commons of Canada Standing Committee on Citizenship and Immigration calling on the IRCC to immediately rescind the interim policy and "recognize legal marriages of gay and lesbian couples performed in jurisdictions outside Canada for purposes of immigration in exactly the same way as the legal marriages of heterosexual couples are recognized"; the committee voted to recommend that the government do this.[93] In late January 2007, Citizenship and Immigration Minister Diane Finley informed the committee that this would be done.[94] In February 2007, the IRCC website was updated to reflect the fact that the policy had been updated.[95]

Military

[edit]

Since September 2003, military chaplains have been allowed to bless same-sex unions and to perform these ceremonies on a military base.[96]

Survivor benefits

[edit]

On December 19, 2003, an Ontario court ruled that survivor benefits for Canadians whose same-sex partners died should be retroactive to April 1985, the date the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms came into effect. The federal government appealed. On March 1, 2007, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that the federal government must pay Canada Pension Plan benefits to surviving same-sex spouses.[97] Initial news reports indicated that the court limited retroactive benefits to only 12 months' worth, but in fact, some survivors may be entitled to benefits dating back to 2000.[98][99]

Same-sex divorce in Canada

[edit]

On September 13, 2004, a lesbian couple known as "M.M." and "J.H." (the initials of their respective lawyers) in Ontario were granted Canada's first same-sex divorce. Their initial divorce application had been denied based on the fact that the federal Divorce Act (French: Loi sur le divorce) defined spouse as "either of a man or a woman who are married to each other". However, Madam Justice Ruth Mesbur of the Ontario Superior Court of Justice ruled in M.M. v J.H that the definition of "spouse" in the Divorce Act was unconstitutional.[100][101] In June 2005, a lesbian couple residing in British Columbia obtained a similar ruling.[102]

The Civil Marriage Act in 2005 amended the Divorce Act to permit same-sex divorce. However, prior to 2013, a married couple (same-sex or opposite-sex) could file for divorce in Canada only if at least one spouse was then residing in Canada and had been for at least one full year when the divorce was filed.[103]

In 2012, after the Attorney General of Canada, Rob Nicholson, suggested in a divorce case brought in the Ontario Superior Court of Justice that non-residents of Canada did not have valid marriages if such marriages were not recognized by their home jurisdictions,[104] the Conservative government announced that they would fix this "legislative gap".[105] A government bill, the Civil Marriage of Non-residents Act (French: Loi sur le mariage civil de non-résidents), positively declaring such marriages legal in Canada and allowing non-residents to divorce in a Canadian court if prohibited from doing so in their home jurisdictions, was introduced and received first reading on February 17, 2012, and passed third and final reading on June 18, 2013. The bill then received a quick passage through the Senate and passed third and final reading on June 21, receiving royal assent by Governor General David Johnston on June 26.[106][107] The law came into effect on August 14 by Order of the Governor General in Council made the previous day.[108]

Church and state

[edit]

Based on the 2001 census, 80 per cent of the Canadian population were initiated into one of the three main Abrahamic religions (Judaism, Islam, and Christianity).[109][110] All three have texts interpreted by some to declare sexual relations between people of the same sex as forbidden and sinful, and have been opposed to the recognition of same-sex unions. However, some major religious groups spoke in favour of legalizing same-sex marriage. The largest Protestant denomination in the country, the United Church of Canada, offers church weddings to same-sex couples and supports same-sex marriages, testifying to this effect during the cross-country Justice Committee hearings. Unitarian Universalist congregations also solemnize same-sex marriages, as do the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers), the Metropolitan Community Church and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada. Some progressive Jewish congregations have also supported same-sex marriage.

The General Synod of the Anglican Church of Canada passed an initial motion in July 2016 to perform same-sex marriages in their churches. The measure had to be approved a second time at the next General Synod in 2019 to come into force.[111] The Anglican Church of Canada does not specifically prohibit same-sex marriage. On July 12, 2019, the General Synod did not approve the motion at its second reading. In spite of support by the laity and clergy, the motion did not pass because it was not supported by a full two-thirds of the bishops. Director of Communications Meghan Kilty said that many dioceses have been performing same-sex marriages, including the dioceses of Toronto, Ottawa, British Columbia and others. Kilty added that many dioceses would continue to perform such services since there is no specific prohibition by the Church.[112]

In July 2003, the hierarchy of the Catholic Church in Canada protested the government's plans to include same-sex couples in civil marriage. This was significant because Catholicism has a larger number of adherents in Canada than any other religion or denomination, with 43.6 per cent of the population identifying themselves as Catholic in 2005.[113] The church criticisms were accompanied by Vatican claims that Catholic politicians should vote according to their personal beliefs rather than the policy of the government. Amid a subsequent backlash in opinion, the Church remained remarkably quiet on the subject, at least in public, until late 2004, when two Catholic bishops clearly stated their opposition to same-sex marriage. The Bishop of Calgary, Frederick Henry, in a pastoral letter urged Catholics to fight against the legalization of same-sex marriage, calling homosexual behaviour "an evil act".[114] Bishop Henry's letter also seemed to urge the outlawing of homosexual acts, saying, "Since homosexuality, adultery, prostitution and pornography undermine the foundations of the family, the basis of society, then the State must use its coercive power to proscribe or curtail them in the interests of the common good."[114] Two human rights complaints were filed against Henry soon afterwards under the Alberta Human Rights Act, one of which was dropped at the conciliation stage.

The Hutterite Brethren spoke out against same-sex marriage in a letter written to Prime Minister Martin in February 2005.[115] The group has historically not involved themselves with politics. The Humanist Association of Canada, which endorses a non-theistic, non-religious ethical philosophy to life and full separation of church and state, has been supportive of same-sex marriage. Local affiliate groups of the Humanist Association offer officiancy services across Canada. Representatives of the World Sikh Organization testified before the Senate Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs in favour of the Civil Marriage Act.[116]

Public opinion

[edit]

A 1996 Angus Reid Institute/Southam News opinion poll, conducted across Canada, found that 49 per cent of Canadians supported same-sex marriage, while 47 per cent were opposed. Support was highest in Quebec (58 per cent) and among 18–34-year-olds (67 per cent), and lowest in Alberta (38 per cent) and people over the age of 54 (25 per cent).[117] In 1999, the group found support at 53 per cent with 44 per cent opposed.[117]

An April 2001 Environics Research Group survey showed that 45 per cent of Canadians supported same-sex marriage (29 per cent "strongly" and 16 per cent "somewhat"), while 41 per cent opposed (30 per cent "strongly" and 11 per cent "somewhat").[117] A June 2002 survey conducted by Focus on the Family Canada, a group opposed to same-sex marriage, found that 46 per cent of Canadians agreed same-sex marriage should be legalized whereas 44 per cent disagreed.[117] A poll conducted by the Centre for Research and Information on Canada in October 2002 showed that 53 per cent of Canadians supported same-sex marriage, while 41 per cent were opposed.[117] A November 2002 Ekos/CBC poll asked respondents if they would vote "yes" or "no" in a referendum on the issue of same-sex marriage. 47 per cent answered "no" and 45 per cent answered "yes", while 8 per cent did not know.[117]

A 2005 opinion poll taken shortly before Parliament voted on the Civil Marriage Act found that 42 per cent of Canadians favoured the nationwide legalization of same-sex marriage, while 40 per cent were opposed and 18 per cent did not respond or were undecided.[118] A June 2006 poll conducted by Ekos asked respondents if the debate on same-sex marriage should be reopened. 62 per cent considered same-sex marriage settled, 27 per cent wanted to reopen the issue, and 11 per cent either had no opinion or did not respond.[119]

In 2012, a poll by Forum Research showed that 66.4 per cent of Canadians approved of legalized same-sex marriage, while 33.6 per cent were opposed. Support for same-sex marriage was highest in Quebec (72 per cent) and British Columbia (70.2 per cent), while lowest in Alberta (45.6 per cent).[120] A May 2013 Ipsos poll of residents of 16 countries found that 63 per cent of respondents in Canada were in favour of same-sex marriage and another 13 per cent supported other forms of recognition for same-sex couples.[121]

After same-sex marriage in the United States was legalized by their Supreme Court in Obergefell v. Hodges in June 2015, a poll by Forum Research showed that 70 per cent of Canadians approved of same-sex marriage, while 22 per cent disapproved.[122]

In May 2016, members of the Conservative Party of Canada voted 1,036–462 to change the party's political platform from defining marriage as "a union between one man and one woman" to a neutral stance. As a compromise, the party did not elect to support the right to same-sex marriage, allowing members "the freedom to hold personal opinions against same-sex marriage".[123]

A 2017 CROP poll showed that 74 per cent of Canadians found it "great that in Canada, two people of the same sex can get married", while 26 per cent disagreed. Support for same-sex marriage was higher among women (79 per cent) than men (70 per cent) and higher among French speakers (82 per cent) than English speakers (73 per cent). Those with a higher income, a university degree or who were born in Canada were also more likely to support same-sex marriage. When divided by age, young people were overwhelmingly in support (82 per cent among 18–24-year-olds and 86 per cent among 25–34-year-olds) and, while people over 65 were less likely to be in favour, same-sex marriage still enjoyed 66 per cent popular support among people of that age group. The most supportive province was Quebec (80 per cent), followed by 78 per cent in the four Atlantic provinces, 75 per cent in British Columbia, 73 per cent in Ontario, 70 per cent in Manitoba and Saskatchewan and 68 per cent in Alberta.[124][125] The 2017 AmericasBarometer showed that 76 per cent of Canadians supported same-sex marriage.[126] A 2020 Research Co. poll found that 67 per cent of Canadians supported same-sex marriage remaining legal.[127] A 2022 Research Co. poll found that number had remained quite stable, at 66 per cent.[128]

A Pew Research Center poll conducted between February and May 2023 showed that 79 per cent of Canadians supported same-sex marriage, 15 per cent were opposed and 6 per cent did not know or refused to answer. When divided by political affiliation, support was highest among those on the left and the centre of the political spectrum at 85 per cent, followed by those on the right at 71 per cent.[2]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Canada passes bill to legalize gay marriage". The New York Times. June 29, 2005. Archived from the original on September 5, 2014. Retrieved November 3, 2013.
  2. ^ a b "How people in 24 countries view same-sex marriage". Pew Research Center. June 13, 2023.
  3. ^ "First same-sex marriage in the world now recognized". Samesexmarriage.ca. Archived from the original on July 1, 2004. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
  4. ^ a b "Nova Scotia legalizes same-sex marriages". CBC News. September 24, 2004. Archived from the original on April 6, 2019. Retrieved November 3, 2013.
  5. ^ "The Canadian Supreme Court's Same-Sex Marriage Decision: An Interesting Contrast to the United States's Law". Findlaw. Archived from the original on April 28, 2016. Retrieved July 11, 2008.
  6. ^ "Ralph Klein: Alberta's populist premier". CBC News. September 12, 2006. Archived from the original on April 7, 2019. Retrieved November 3, 2013.
  7. ^ Manfredi, Christopher P. (October 2003). "Same-sex Marriage and the Notwithstanding Clause, p. 24" (PDF). Policy Options. Institute for Research on Public Policy. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 8, 2016. Retrieved January 7, 2019.
  8. ^ University of Alberta, Centre for Constitutional Studies: "Same-sex Marriage".
  9. ^ University of Alberta, Centre for Constitutional Studies: "Notwithstanding Clause".
  10. ^ "Alberta's attempted ban on same-sex marriages criticized", CBC News, July 16, 2002.
  11. ^ Marc-André Roy and Laurence Brosseau, "The Notwithstanding Clause of the Charter — Section 33 Invocation", Library of Parliament Research Publications: Background Paper.
  12. ^ Cheung, Melissa (June 18, 2003). "Canada Will Legalize Gay Marriage". CBS News. Archived from the original on May 15, 2013. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
  13. ^ Krauss, Clifford (June 18, 2003). "Canadian leaders agree to propose gay marriage law". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 31, 2019. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
  14. ^ "Canadian government will defend us". Samesexmarriage.ca. Archived from the original on July 19, 2003. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
  15. ^ "Same Sex Marriages Bill Goes to Supreme Court". Canadaonline.about.com. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
  16. ^ "Supreme Court OK's same-sex marriage". CBC News. December 10, 2004. Archived from the original on June 2, 2010. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
  17. ^ Marech, Rona (December 10, 2004). "Top court in Canada OKs gay marriage / Lawmakers sought ruling before introducing bill". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on July 9, 2010. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
  18. ^ "Majority support keeping traditional definition of marriage". Catholic Civil Rights League. Archived from the original on June 29, 2013. Retrieved July 11, 2008.
  19. ^ "Klein urges same-sex marriage referendum". CTV News. December 11, 2004. Archived from the original on October 3, 2006. Retrieved June 27, 2008.
  20. ^ "Liberal MP still pushing gay marriage referendum". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. Archived from the original on December 14, 2004.
  21. ^ a b c "Halpern v. Canada (Attorney General), 2003 CanLII 26403 (Ont. CA)".
  22. ^ Carter, Lee (June 11, 2003). "Ontario legalises gay marriage". BBC News. Archived from the original on April 6, 2019. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
  23. ^ Leshner v. Ontario, 1992 CarswellOnt 6680: human rights challenge brought by Leshner against his employer, the Government of Ontario, which denied him insured employee benefits and survivor benefits for his same-sex partner, Michael Stark; ruling in Leshner's favour.
  24. ^ Leshner v. Ontario (Deputy Attorney General), 1992 CarswellOnt 928, [1992] O.J. No. 2050, 10 O.R. (3d) 732, 35 A.C.W.S. (3d) 813, 57 O.A.C. 238, 8 Admin. L.R. (2d) 132, 96 D.L.R. (4th) 41: Leshner was disciplined for advocating for reclassification within the public service to obtain benefits for his same-sex partner, on the same basis as common law partners; Ontario Divisional Court set aside the discipline decision, finding that Leshner's superior in the Ministry had been biased against him.
  25. ^ Hedy Halpern and Colleen Roger, Michael Leshner and Michael Stark, Aloysius Pittman and Thomas Allworth, Dawn Onishenko and Julie Erbland, Carolyn Rowe and Carolyn Moffatt, Barbara McDowell and Gail Donnelly, Alison Kemper and Joyce Barnett (Applicants / Respondents, Appellants by way of cross-appeal) and Attorney General of Canada, the Attorney General of Ontario, and Novina Wong, The Clerk of the City of Toronto (Respondents / Appellant, Respondent by way of cross-appeal) and EGALE Canada Inc., Metropolitan Community Church of Toronto, the Interfaith Coalition on Marriage and Family, the Association for Marriage and the Family in Ontario, Canadian Coalition of Liberal Rabbis for Same-Sex Marriage, and Canadian Human Rights Commission (Intervenors): 2003 CarswellOnt 2159, [2003] W.D.F.L. 203, [2003] O.J. No. 2268, 106 C.R.R. (2d) 329, 123 A.C.W.S. (3d) 319, 172 O.A.C. 276, 225 D.L.R. (4th) 529, 36 R.F.L. (5th) 127, 65 O.R. (3d) 161, 65 O.R. (3d) 201: Ruling by the Ontario Court of Appeal in favour of same-sex marriage.
  26. ^ CBC: "TIMELINE | Same-sex rights in Canada", January 12, 2012; Updated: May 25, 2015
  27. ^ "Ontario judge grants first same-sex divorce". Cp24.com. Archived from the original on October 3, 2011. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
  28. ^ "Canada grants world's first same-sex divorce". Catholic News Agency. September 15, 2004. Archived from the original on February 5, 2017. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
  29. ^ "Text of Barbeau v. British Columbia (A.G.), 2003 BCCA 406". July 8, 2003. Archived from the original on October 17, 2015. Retrieved March 3, 2009.
  30. ^ "Same-Sex Marriage Now Legal in B.C.!". Egale. Archived from the original on February 3, 2011. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
  31. ^ "Same-Sex Marriages Now Legal in BC". Canadaonline.about.com. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
  32. ^ "Text of the decision in Hendricks and Leboeuf v. Quebec" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 21, 2004.
  33. ^ "Quebec legalizes gay marriage". August 4, 2004. Archived from the original on December 23, 2008.
  34. ^ "Quebec Allows Same-Sex Marriages". Canadaonline.about.com. March 19, 2004. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
  35. ^ "Text of Dunbar & Edge v. Yukon & Canada decision". Archived from the original on May 17, 2008.
  36. ^ "NewsWrap for the week ending August 21, 2004 (As broadcast on This Way Out program #856)". Queer Resources Directory. August 23, 2004. Archived from the original on June 1, 2013. Retrieved July 11, 2008.
  37. ^ "Manitoba recognizes same-sex marriages". CBC News. September 16, 2004. Archived from the original on June 25, 2008. Retrieved June 27, 2008.
  38. ^ "Winnipeg couple marries". CBC Archive. February 21, 1974. Archived from the original on May 21, 2011. Retrieved June 27, 2008.
  39. ^ a b "Sask. court approves same-sex marriage". CBC News. November 5, 2004. Archived from the original on March 12, 2007.
  40. ^ N.W. v. Canada (Attorney General), 2004 SKQB 434 (CanLII), para. [4].
  41. ^ "Court Extends Equal Marriage to Newfoundland and Labrador". Egale. December 21, 2004. Archived from the original on February 3, 2011. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
  42. ^ Campbell, Colin (December 22, 2004). "Newfoundland Legalizes Gay Marriage". The New York Times. p. A12. Archived from the original on February 6, 2018. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
  43. ^ "Newfoundland legalizes same-sex marriage". CBC News. December 21, 2004. Archived from the original on June 23, 2008. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
  44. ^ "New Brunswick ruling clears way for gay marriage". CBC News. June 23, 2005. Archived from the original on August 13, 2007. Retrieved July 11, 2008.
  45. ^ "Court legalizes gay marriage in New Brunswick". CTV News. Archived from the original on March 5, 2010. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
  46. ^ "Wednesday, April 26, 1995 – PRIVATE MEMBERS' BUSINESS (188)". collectionscanada.gc.ca. Archived from the original on March 10, 2016. Retrieved October 13, 2016.
  47. ^ ""The Réal Thing", The Advocate, October 31, 1995". Here. October 31, 1995. Archived from the original on April 30, 2022. Retrieved November 1, 2016.
  48. ^ Affect Change, Mark W. Lehman (2006).
  49. ^ "Private Member's Bill – C-385, First Reading (36–1)". parl.gc.ca. Archived from the original on May 28, 2017. Retrieved October 13, 2016.
  50. ^ "Same-sex Marriage in Canada". January 1, 2007. Archived from the original on March 31, 2019. Retrieved June 27, 2008.
  51. ^ "Modernization of Benefits Act, 2000 (Section 1.1)". Archived from the original on January 4, 2009.
  52. ^ "Parl.gc.ca". Parl.gc.ca. Government of Canada. Archived from the original on August 2, 2003. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
  53. ^ "The Battle Over Same-sex Marriage". The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer. PBS. June 30, 2005. Archived from the original on February 6, 2013. Retrieved July 22, 2008.
  54. ^ "How the MPs voted". CBC News. September 17, 2003. Archived from the original on October 22, 2012. Retrieved June 27, 2008.
  55. ^ "Past predictions of same-sex) marriage legislation in Canada". www.religioustolerance.org. Archived from the original on April 6, 2019. Retrieved July 12, 2008.
  56. ^ "Martin's machinations move marriage Supreme Court Reference to Oct. 2004". February 20, 2004. Archived from the original on April 11, 2004.
  57. ^ "Text of the decision in Reference re Same-Sex Marriage". Archived from the original on September 13, 2008.
  58. ^ "Canada Supreme Court rules for gay marriage". NBC News. December 9, 2004. Archived from the original on October 9, 2014. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
  59. ^ "Liberals to introduce same-sex marriage bill in January". CBC News. December 10, 2004. Archived from the original on June 29, 2007.
  60. ^ "Same-sex Marriage in Canada". January 1, 2007. Archived from the original on March 31, 2019. Retrieved July 22, 2008.
  61. ^ "Same-sex marriage law passes 158–133". CBC News. June 29, 2005. Archived from the original on June 7, 2008. Retrieved July 22, 2008.
  62. ^ "Alberta's Marriage Act 2000". Canlii.org. Archived from the original on January 4, 2009. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
  63. ^ a b "Tories reopen same-sex marriage debate". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. November 29, 2005. Archived from the original on January 6, 2009. Retrieved July 22, 2008.
  64. ^ "Ottawa won't have referendum on same-sex marriage". CBC News. December 12, 2004. Archived from the original on April 23, 2008. Retrieved February 19, 2010.
  65. ^ "Bill C-38 reaches House of Commons". Samesexmarriage.ca. January 14, 2001. Archived from the original on February 7, 2005. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
  66. ^ Campbell, Colin (February 2, 2005). "Same-Sex Bill Hits Parliament". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
  67. ^ "Government of Canada to introduce legislation to extend civil marriage to same-sex couples". Justice.gc.ca. Canada Department of Justice. September 4, 2009. Archived from the original on April 30, 2011. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
  68. ^ "Same-Sex Marriage Advances In Canada". The Washington Post. June 29, 2005. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
  69. ^ "Gay Marriage Is Extended Nationwide In Canada". The New York Times. June 29, 2005. Archived from the original on May 28, 2015. Retrieved October 13, 2016.
  70. ^ "Canada approves gay marriage". The Guardian. London. Associated Press. June 29, 2005. Archived from the original on May 17, 2019. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
  71. ^ "It's a quiet thing: equal marriage is law". Samesexmarriage.ca. Archived from the original on October 25, 2005. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
  72. ^ "Canada Legalizes Gay Marriage". Fox News. July 20, 2005. Archived from the original on February 8, 2011. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
  73. ^ "Gay Marriage Approved". The New York Times. Associated Press. July 21, 2005. Archived from the original on December 28, 2018. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
  74. ^ "Progress of C-38 through Parliament". Archived from the original on June 17, 2006.
  75. ^ "Vote No. 156, 38th Parliament, 1st Session, 3rd reading and adoption of Bill C-38, An Act respecting certain aspects of legal capacity for marriage for civil purposes". House of Commons of Canada. June 28, 2005.
  76. ^ "Debates of the Senate (Hansard), 1st Session, 38th Parliament, Volume 142, Issue 84, Tuesday, July 19, 2005". Senate of Canada. July 19, 2005.
  77. ^ a b "Many Tories wary about 2nd gay-marriage vote". CTV News. May 31, 2006. Archived from the original on October 18, 2006. Retrieved June 27, 2008.
  78. ^ "Pro gay marriage group demands PM hold vote on issue". CBC News. November 21, 2006. Archived from the original on November 9, 2012. Retrieved April 4, 2011.
  79. ^ "Gay marriage critics, supporters lobby MPs ahead of free vote". CBC News. October 24, 2006. Archived from the original on November 9, 2012. Retrieved April 4, 2011.
  80. ^ "MPs defeat bid to reopen same-sex marriage debate". CBC News. December 7, 2006. Archived from the original on April 6, 2019. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
  81. ^ "Same Sex Marriage Motion Falls In Ottawa". Citytv.com. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
  82. ^ "Canada upholds gay marriage law". BBC News. December 8, 2006. Archived from the original on April 6, 2019. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
  83. ^ "Harper declares same-sex marriage issue closed". CTV News. December 7, 2006. Archived from the original on December 9, 2006. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
  84. ^ "Same-sex debate: 'Time to move on'". Ottawa Citizen. December 8, 2006. Archived from the original on November 8, 2012. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
  85. ^ "Harper Flip Flops on Same Sex Marriages". Lilithgallery.com. Archived from the original on February 4, 2017. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
  86. ^ "Civil partnership as marriage: The recognition of foreign same-sex unions under Canadian law [Case note on Hincks v. Gallardo, 2013 ONSC 129]". academia.edu. Archived from the original on April 30, 2022. Retrieved October 13, 2016.
  87. ^ "Equal Marriage". Archived from the original on February 1, 2009. Retrieved April 29, 2004.
  88. ^ Same-sex couples and sexual orientation... by the numbers Archived June 4, 2017, at the Wayback Machine Statistics Canada
  89. ^ "Same-sex marriage more popular than ever in Canada | Toronto Sun". August 2, 2017. Archived from the original on March 24, 2019. Retrieved May 29, 2020.
  90. ^ "Census in Brief: Same-sex couples in Canada in 2016". August 2, 2017. Archived from the original on March 21, 2019. Retrieved April 28, 2018.
  91. ^ "Alberta's Adult Interdependent Relationships Act and you". Alberta Ministry of Justice. Archived from the original on August 16, 2007. Retrieved July 22, 2008.
  92. ^ "Alberta backs down on same-sex marriage". CTV News. July 13, 2005. Archived from the original on June 30, 2006. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
  93. ^ Siksay fights discriminatory marriage policy, Equalmarriage.ca. Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
  94. ^ Conservatives moved to recognize legal gay and lesbian marriages in other jurisdictions Archived October 14, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, NDP Archives
  95. ^ Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (March 31, 2007). "Sponsor your spouse, partner or children: check if you're eligible". aem. Archived from the original on May 27, 2020. Retrieved May 29, 2020.
  96. ^ "Interfaith Committee on Canadian Military Chaplaincy Interim Guidelines for Canadian Forces Chaplains". Archived from the original on May 23, 2005.
  97. ^ "Text of decision in Hislop v. Canada". Archived from the original on March 3, 2007.
  98. ^ "Top court limits retroactive survivor benefits". CTV News. March 2007. Archived from the original on March 3, 2007.
  99. ^ "Smith & Hughes Working on Same-Sex Benefits Case". Archived from the original on March 13, 2007.
  100. ^ "Lesbian couple seeking country's first same-sex divorce". CBC News. July 21, 2004. Archived from the original on March 1, 2007.
  101. ^ M. M. v. J. H., 2004 CanLII 49968 (ON SC), retrieved on February 5, 2016
  102. ^ "B.C.'s first gay divorce granted". CBC News. June 15, 2005. Archived from the original on January 6, 2009.
  103. ^ Section 3 of the Divorce Act (Canada)
  104. ^ Kirby, Cynthia (June 19, 2013) [March 9, 2012]. "Legislative Summary of Bill C-32: An Act to Amend the Civil Marriage Act". Retrieved October 6, 2013.
  105. ^ Makin, Kirk (January 13, 2012). "Ottawa affirms legality of same-sex marriages performed in Canada – The Globe and Mail". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. Archived from the original on April 7, 2019. Retrieved September 11, 2017.
  106. ^ "Government Announces Royal Assent for Amendments to the Civil Marriage Act," Department of Justice Canada, July 27, 2013 Archived October 1, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, accessed October 6, 2013.
  107. ^ Text of Bill C-32, "An Act to Amend the Civil Marriage Act," Parliament of Canada Archived February 27, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, accessed October 6, 2013
  108. ^ "Civil Marriage of Non-Residents Act: Order Fixing August 14, 2013 as the Day on which Section 4 of the Act Comes into Force," Canada Gazette, August 28, 2013 Archived November 7, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, accessed October 6, 2013.
  109. ^ Statistics Canada website, Population by religion, by province and territory (2001 Census) Archived June 15, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, URL accessed May 14, 2006
  110. ^ 2001 Canadian Census – Long Form, Question 22 Archived February 18, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, URL accessed December 21, 2011
  111. ^ "Anglicans to allow same-sex marriage after vote recount". cbc.ca. Archived from the original on May 7, 2019. Retrieved October 13, 2016.
  112. ^ "Anglican Church rejects same-sex marriage approvals in vote". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. July 13, 2019. Archived from the original on July 14, 2019. Retrieved July 14, 2019. The support for change in the houses of laity and clergy was very strong. And yet the motion was defeated in the House of Bishops by a very narrow margin
  113. ^ Statistics Canada (January 25, 2005). "Population by religion, by provinces, and territories". Statistics Canada. Archived from the original on February 9, 2006. Retrieved May 14, 2006.
  114. ^ a b "Complaints before the Alberta Human Rights Commission concerning Bishop Henry's pastoral letter". religioustolerance.org. Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. November 3, 2005. Archived from the original on April 7, 2019. Retrieved July 30, 2007.
  115. ^ "Hutterites take rare political stand against gay marriage". CBC News. February 18, 2005. Archived from the original on March 12, 2007.
  116. ^ Proceedings of the Standing Senate Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs. Afternoon session. July 13, 2005. Archived March 12, 2020, at the Wayback Machine Parliament of Canada.
  117. ^ a b c d e f "Canadian public opinion polls on same-sex marriage". www.religioustolerance.org. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved June 17, 2018.
  118. ^ "Canadian public opinion polls on same-sex marriage". www.religioustolerance.org. Archived from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved June 17, 2018.
  119. ^ "Canadian public opinion polls on same-sex marriage". www.religioustolerance.org. Archived from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved June 17, 2018.
  120. ^ "One twentieth of Canadians claim to be LGBT" (PDF). Forum Research. June 28, 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 29, 2013. Retrieved November 23, 2012.
  121. ^ "Same-Sex Marriage". Ipsos. May 7–21, 2013. Archived from the original on March 14, 2016.
  122. ^ "US court ruling boosts approval of same sex marriage in Canada" (PDF). Forum Research. June 29, 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved July 28, 2015.
  123. ^ "Conservatives 'get a little more Canadian,' shift to neutral on same-sex marriage". CBC News. May 28, 2016. Archived from the original on May 30, 2019. Retrieved May 30, 2016.
  124. ^ "I find it great that in our society, two people of the same sex can get married, CROP Panorama" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on April 29, 2019. Retrieved April 28, 2018.
  125. ^ "Are you in favour of same-sex marriage? 74% of Canadians and 80% of Quebecers support it". www.crop.ca. Archived from the original on April 6, 2019. Retrieved April 28, 2018.
  126. ^ "Cultura Política de la Democracia en La República Dominicana y en Las Américas, 2016/17" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on April 19, 2019. Retrieved February 15, 2019.
  127. ^ Canseco, Mario (December 4, 2020). "Canadians and Americans Would Ban 'Conversion Therapy'". Research Co. Archived from the original on December 4, 2020. Retrieved December 12, 2020.
  128. ^ Carrillo, Eliana (April 29, 2022). "Most Canadians Agree with Nationwide "Conversion Therapy" Ban". Research Co. Archived from the original on April 29, 2022. Retrieved April 29, 2022.

Bibliography

[edit]
[edit]